Phase – RAYmaps

August 28, 2020June 3, 2022Fundamentals

Phase Lock Loop – Explained

Phase Lock Loops (PLLs) are an important component of communication systems, where they are used for carrier phase and frequency synchronization. They are also used in test and measurement equipment such as in Signal Generators and Vector Network Analyzers (VNAs) for frequency synthesis.

July 27, 2020June 3, 2022Fundamentals

KAY’s Single Frequency Estimator

The basic concept of Kay’s estimator is quite simple. It finds the phase advanced from one sample to the next and this gives us the frequency. Averaging is performed over the time window to get more accurate results. Averaging can be performed using uniform weighting or a weighting function defined by Kay in [1].

June 17, 2020June 3, 2022Fundamentals

Frequency Estimation Using Zero Crossing Method

In this post we present the simplest method of frequency estimation that is called the Zero Crossing (ZC) method. Since a sine wave crosses the x-axis twice during each cycle, we can simply count the number of crossings and divide it by two and again divide it by the observation window size, giving us the frequency in Hertz.

June 1, 2020June 3, 2022BER Performance

Modeling Phase and Frequency Synchronization Error

Carrier phase or frequency synchronization is a common problem in wireless communication systems. These two problems are interrelated as instantaneous frequency is just the rate of change of phase.