BIT ERROR RATE – RAYmaps

June 23, 2017May 7, 2022BER Performance, Fundamentals

BPSK Bit Error Rate Calculation Using Python

Have you ever thought about how life would be without MATLAB. As it turns out there are free and open source options such as Python. We have so far restricted ourselves to MATLAB in this blog but now we venture out to find out what are the other options. Given below is a most basic Python code that calculates the Bit Error Rate of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK). Compare this to our MATLAB implementation earlier [BPSK BER]. There are various IDEs available for writing your code but I have used Enthought Canopy Editor (32 bit) which is free to […]

June 4, 2014November 17, 2019BER Performance, Fundamentals, LTE

Theoretical BER of M-QAM in Rayleigh Fading

We have previously discussed the Bit Error Rate of M-QAM in Rayleigh Fading using Monte Carlo Simulation. We now turn our attention to calculation of Bit Error Rate (BER) of M-QAM in Rayleigh fading using analytical techniques. In particular we look at the method used in MATLAB function berfading.m. In this function the BER of 4-QAM, 16-QAM and 64-QAM is calculated from series expressions having 1, 3 and 5 terms respectively. These are given below (M is the constellation size and must be a power of 2). if (M == 4) ber = 1/2 * ( 1 – sqrt(gamma_c/k./(1+gamma_c/k)) ); elseif […]

September 9, 2011May 31, 20225G, BER Performance, LTE, Modulation, WiMAX

BER of 64-QAM OFDM in Frequency Selective Fading-II

It is observed that the BER performance of 64-QAM OFDM in the time-varying frequency-selective channel is quite similar to that in the static frequency-selective channel with complex filter taps. It must be noted that with 64-QAM the goal is to achieve higher bit rate, error rates can be improved using antenna diversity and channel coding schemes.

June 2, 2011June 3, 2014BER Performance

Bit Error Rate of QPSK

Simulating a QPSK system is equivalent to simulating two BPSK systems in parallel. So there is no difference in bit error rate(BER). Since the simulation is at baseband we multiply the in-phase and quadrature streams by 1 and j respectively (instead of cos and sin carriers). At the receiver we just use the real and imag functions to separate the two symbol streams. The BER is the average BER of the two parallel streams. As in the case of BPSK we can show that the baseband representation (using 1 and j) is equivalent to using the passband representation (using cosine […]

June 1, 2011May 21, 2020BER Performance

Bit Error Rate of BPSK

Modulation is the process by which a binary stream (zeros and ones) is converted to a format that is suitable for transmission over a wired or wireless channel that is prone to noise and interference as well as distortion. The most basic modulation scheme is BPSK or Binary Phase Shift Keying. It transmits the information in the phase of the signal which could be one of two values (0 degrees or 180 degrees). BPSK signal can be represented as (called the passband representation) s(t)=a(t)*cos(2*pi*f*t) where a(t) is a time varying parameter which can have one of two values (+1 or […]